Mortgage rates: How do UK interest rates affect me?
The Bank of England finally cut interest rates to 5% at its August meeting after holding them at 5.25% seven times in a row.
Interest rates affect the mortgage, credit card and savings rates for millions of people across the UK.
This is the first drop in rates since March 2020 when the UK entered the first Covid lockdown - but borrowing costs are still high.
What are interest rates and why do they change?
An interest rate tells you how much it costs to borrow money, or the reward for saving it.
The Bank of England's base rate is what it charges other lenders to borrow money.
This influences what other banks charge their customers for loans such as mortgages, and the interest they pay on savings.
The Bank of England moves rates up and down in order to control UK inflation - which is the increase in the price of something over time.
When inflation is high, the Bank may decide to raise rates to keep it at or near the 2% target.
The idea is to encourage people to spend less, to help bring inflation down by reducing demand.
Once this starts to happen, the Bank may hold rates, or cut them.
When will UK interest rates go down further?
The current Bank rate is 5%, having spent many months at 5.25% - the highest level for 16 years.
However, it was significantly above this for much of the 1980s and 1990s, hitting 17% in November 1979.
Inflation is now far below its peak of 11.1% in October 2022.
While the main inflation measure, CPI, ticked up slightly to 2.2% in the year to July, an increase was widely expected and prices are still rising at a slower rate than in 2022 and 2023.
Bank of England governor Andrew Bailey said following August's rates decision: "Inflationary pressures have eased enough that we've been able to cut interest rates today."But he warned: "We need to make sure inflation stays low and be careful not to cut interest rates too quickly or by too much."
The Bank also considers other measures of inflation when deciding how to change rates, and some of these remain higher than it would like.
Some parts of the economy, like the services sector - which includes everything from restaurants to hairdressers - were still seeing more significant price rises in recent months.
It has to balance the need to slow price rises against the risk of damaging the economy, and avoid cutting rates only to have to raise them again shortly afterwards.
How much could interest rates fall?
Although UK inflation had briefly hit the Bank's 2% target in May and June, it is expected to rise a little over the course of the year before settling back down in early 2025.
So, it is difficult to predict exactly what will happen to interest rates.
In May, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recommended that UK interest rates should fall to 3.5% by the end of 2025. The organisation, which advises its members on how to improve their economies, acknowledged that the Bank had to balance the risk of not cutting too quickly before inflation is under control.
But in its latest forecast, the IMF warned that persistent inflation in countries including the UK and US might mean interest rates have to stay "higher for even longer".
How do interest rates affect me?
Mortgage rates
Just under a third of households have a mortgage, according to the government's English Housing Survey.
More than half a million homeowners have a mortgage rate that "tracks" the Bank of England's rate. The 0.25 percentage point cut will take their monthly repayments down by around £28 on average.
Anyone with a standard variable rate mortgage will see their payments go down by about £15.
But more than eight in 10 mortgage customers have fixed-rate deals. While their monthly payments aren't immediately affected, any future deals are.
Mortgage rates are much higher than they have been for much of the past decade, with the average two-year fixed rate now at 5.77%, according to the financial information service Moneyfacts.
This means homebuyers and those remortgaging have to pay a lot more than if they had borrowed the same amount a few years ago.
About 1.6 million deals are expiring in 2024, according to banking trade body UK Finance.
You can see how your mortgage may be affected by interest rate changes by using our calculator:
Click here to see the BBC interactive
Credit cards and loans
Bank of England interest rates also influence the amount charged on credit cards, bank loans and car loans.
Lenders can decide to put their rates up if they expect higher interest rates from the Bank of England. However, if rates fall, interest payments may get cheaper.
Savings
The Bank of England interest rate also affects how much savers can earn on their money.
Individual banks and building societies have been under pressure to pass on higher interest rates to customers.
The UK's financial watchdog has warned banks will face "robust action" if they offer unjustifiably low savings rates.
What has happened to interest rates in other countries?
In recent years, the UK has had one of the highest interest rates in the G7 - the group representing the world's seven largest so-called "advanced" economies.
In June, the European Central Bank (ECB) cut its main interest rate from an all-time high of 4% to 3.75%, the first drop in five years.
The US, meanwhile, has kept its key interest rate in the range between 5.25% and 5.5% since July last year, although it said at its latest meeting this week that a cut "could be on the table" in September.
